The IPX‑551 leverages a with a core thickness of 400 nm and a propagation loss of < 0.2 dB/cm, enabling low‑loss (>30 dB) optical routing across the chip. The DP‑MZM uses a lithium‑niobate on insulator (LNOI) thin film bonded to the Si₃N₄ waveguide, providing high electro‑optic efficiency without compromising CMOS compatibility.