Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is a specific and long-lasting response that involves the activation of T and B lymphocytes. T cells, which include CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. B cells, which produce antibodies, are essential for humoral immunity. The adaptive immune response is characterized by immunological memory, allowing the immune system to recall previous encounters with specific pathogens and mount a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposure.