Often cited as the most important invention of the 20th century, the transistor is a switch or an amplifier. There are two main types:
The smallest feature printable is roughly half the wavelength of light used. DUV (193nm) could reach ~38nm. EUV (13.5nm) enables today's 5nm and 3nm nodes. Each EUV machine, built by ASML, costs over $200M and requires mirrors instead of lenses, since glass absorbs EUV light. semiconductors a comprehensive guide pdf
The higher energy level where electrons can move freely to carry current. Band Gap ( cap E sub g Often cited as the most important invention of